Dark blue peaked caps were worn in winter, and broad-brimmed straw hats in summer. Trousers were dark blue wool in winter, white duck or linen in summer. (Engineers had only one row ofbuttons until February 1861.) Chaplains had a single row of nine buttons professors and commodores' secretaries had a row of eight buttons, and clerks had six. The basic officer's uniform consisted of a dark blue, double-breasted frock coat, nine buttons in each of two rows, with a roll collar. The wooden bucket, lower right, waits to receive the amputated limbs. A soldier's poncho or rubber blanket has been thrown over the operating table. This sccnc, called 'the amputation' by its Gettysburg photographer, although posed, shows typical battlefield operating conditions. The Navy commissioned 138 ironclad vessels during the four years of war. The war coincided with a period of transition during which wooden ships were giving way to iron. The job of preventing supplies from reaching Southern ports and defending the merchant marine fell to the US Navy, which, throughout the war lost 95 vessels and 2,100 sailors in action.
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